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December 24, 2007
Louis B. Mayer Goes to Shul & Haveil Havalim #146

There was no one like him.
And in Hollywood, there will never, ever be any one man who consolidated so much power in such a short amount of time, and changed the face of a single industry—and thus the world.
For sheer ambition coupled with incredible foresight, Louis B. Mayer was the most powerful movie mogul this town has ever seen.
Mogul is not the right word.
Visionary.
That feels better.
But he was also a petty tyrant.
In the early days at his Hollywood studio, when bills were overdue, L.B. used to fake heart attacks when his creditors showed up in his office to collect. Yes, L.B. was quite an actor.
When scandal threatened one of MGM's most valuable leading men, a homosexual, Mayer quietly, but forcefully arranged for Eve Lynn Abbott, Mrs. Keenan Wynn to divorce her husband and marry Van Johnson. Mayer reasoned that all Van Johnson needed to straighten himself out sexually was the love of a good woman.
It didn't quite work out.
L.B. Mayer was a complicated man.
An impoverished Jewish immigrant from Tsarist Russia, Mayer first made a living in the junk business in Canada, but was drawn to the newly born film business as an exhibitor. He soon realized that the power was in production in Hollywood.
In An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood Neal Gabler explains the appeal of the motion picture business to the poor, immigrant Jews:
“There were no social barriers in a business as new and faintly disreputable as the movies were in the early years of the century… Having come primarily from fashion and retail, they understood public tastes and were masters at gauging market swings, at merchandising, at pirating away customers and beating the competition. As immigrants themselves, they had a peculiar sensitivity to the dreams and aspirations of other immigrants and working-class families that made up a significant portion of the early moviegoing audience.”
Mayer transformed his struggling motion picture studio into MGM, the most powerful and profitable studio in Hollywood, where he discovered and made great stars: Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Judy Garland, Myrna Loy, William Powell, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Mickey Rooney, Spencer Tracy, Lon Chaney, Joan Crawford, Katharine Hepburn, Greer Garson and dozens of others.
Mayer loved America and purveyed family values in MGM films. Lacking a formal education, Mayer instinctively distrusted intellectuals and movies "with a message." He wanted good, clean entertainment. He knew that Americans went to the movies to escape their ordinary lives. Hence, he built his dream factory around stars. He disliked most writers and directors, thought them interchangeable and disposable.
Mayer worked hard to discover actors who had that certain star quality. And Mayer almost always found it in their eyes.

Irving Thalberg, Norma Shearer with L.B. Mayer
Mayer put the actors under contract. He had their teeth fixed and capped, their noses made lovely. Studio dieticians pummeled the stunned thespians with grapefruit diets, bruising massages, and pitiless exercise routines. Actors were slabs of raw marble. Mayer and the MGM system he devised with Irving Thalberg were the sculptors who tirelessly molded and polished the final masterpiece. The moral clauses in an actor's standard contract would send ACLU types running to the Supreme Court. Exhaustive screen tests determined which lighting best flattered their faces. Mayer demanded the best and he often reshot entire movies when the original results were not up to his high standards.
Case in point: Greer Garson. Mayer discovered the lovely but struggling actress on a trip to England. He attended the St. James Theater expecting to see a musical. He was disappointed to discover that the play was a melodrama. But Mayer was knocked out by the luminous, patrician redhead actress. At intermission Mayer offered Garson $500.00 a week at MGM. Garson, divorced and supporting her mother, demanded $1,000. After storming away in fury, Mayer returned and relented. Greer Garson had that intangible something Mayer was seeking. It transcended beauty which tends to become tedious. No doubt Mayer glimpsed it in Greer Garson's extraordinary gaze.

MGM Star Greer Garson
In America, Garson's screen tests revealed that her face was difficult to photograph, her particular radiance elusive to the camera. Mayer was persistent. He assigned top notch director Sidney Franklin to shoot elaborate screen tests. Franklin shot several reels and finally discovered how best to light, and which lenses and diffusion to use on the new actress. Mayer put her on a strict diet—she lost over 15 lbs.—and a series of make-up tests finally perfected her cinematic image. Greer Garson's first film for MGM was the classic Goodbye Mr. Chips. Garson was nominated for an Academy Award but lost out to Vivien Leigh for her performance as Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind. For ten years Greer Garson was MGM's leading female star.
The MGM studio taught the up and coming stars how to dress, walk, talk, dance, sing, MGM even had a fencing teacher on staff. Actors were never interviewed on their own by newspapers or magazines. The studio PR people did all the talking. Mayer constructed their careers as carefully as an architect built a skyscraper—understanding the entire time that, ultimately, it was the public who would have the final say on who was and was not, a movie star.
Mayer's father was a Hebrew teacher; Orthodox, Yiddish-speaking, he was quite distant and rigid. Their relationship was strained. But Mayer always honored his father, and never quarreled with him in public. Mayer brought him out to Los Angeles, built him a house and took care of him all the days of his life.
When he was head of MGM, Mayer demanded that his wife Margaret get rid of their second set of dishes, so that “they could be as American as possible.”
And yet, Mayer, in some ways, was still a shivering, shtetl Jew.
Once, Mayer's daughters Irene and Edie were sitting on the porch of their Santa Monica home and MGM actress Joan Crawford came jogging past in shorts and a blouse with no bra. The girls, teenagers, waved and invited Crawford to stop by for lunch. L.B. came home, heard the story and exploded: “How dare you socialize with an actress?”
Mayer would not allow Edith and Irene to go to college. He was afraid they would be negatively influenced. He married them off as soon as he could. Irene married producer David O. Selznick, and Edith married producer William Goetz.
For the most part, Mayer left his ritual Judaism behind. But on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur he always went to shul. But unlike all his Hollywood friends, he declined to attend the elegant Reform synagogue that he helped build on Wilshire Boulevard. No, Mayer would daven downtown at a small Orthodox shul where his father felt comfortable. Even after his father passed away, Mayer—the immigrant who was desperate to be authentically American—continued to avoid the Reform synagogue on the Days of Awe and davened at the cramped but traditional Orthodox shul.
Mayer said: “There I put on a tallis, I stand with other Jews as my people have done for thousands of years—and I feel closer to G-d.”
To read about Mayer, I suggest Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer by Scott Eyman. To my mind, the best volume about a fascinating and complex man. I relied on material from Eyman's book for this essay.
Haveil Havalim #146 is finally here.
A day late, but Soccer Dad was probably huddling with David Beckham, giving the sports icon some soccer advice.
Meanwhile, we'd like to offer some advice—to Mrs. Beckham AKA Posh Spice: Lady, why don't you try and smile every once in a while? Really, when on the red carpet, Mrs. B. invariably plasters a fierce expression on her face that announces: Hey, I'm pretty and I'm bi-polar and I'm Lizzie Borden's long lost sister.
We also strongly suggest that Victoria Beckham get some calories in her body—fast. Really, somebody feed that lady before she disappears.
Anywhoo.
We'd like to thank Soccer Dad for including Seraphic Secret's Ninotchka and I in this fine overview of the best of the Jewish blogosphere.
Posted by Robert J. Avrech at December 24, 2007 12:20 AM
Comments
Seraphic Secret is private property, that's right, it's an extension of our home, and as such, Karen and I have instituted two Seraphic Rules and we ask commentors to act respectfully.
1. No profanity.2. No Israel bashing. We debate, we discuss, we are respectful. You know what Israel bashing is. The world is full of it. Seraphic Secret is one of the few places in the world that will not tolerate this form of anti-Semitism. That's it. Break either of these rules and you will be banned.
Could it be that "rosebud" somehow derives from Hebrew or Yiddish....?
Posted by: Jeremiah at December 24, 2007 05:22 AM
Jeremiah:
Very much doubt it. But I'll bet someone will find a phonetic connection.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 24, 2007 05:29 AM
Actually, "Rosebud" has a much more American, and well, somewhat pornographic origin. During a brief friendship with William Randolf Herst, Orson Welles' "Kane" co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz found out that "Rosebud" was the pet name Herst used for a certain part of Marion Davies' anatomy.
It was the movie's use of the term "Rosebud" that truly sent Herst through the roof and led to his mostly, (at the time), boycott of the film.
Speaking of Mayer. While "Mommie Dearest" is mostly a trashy movie, (super unintentional comedic value though... very funny to watch with a spouse or sibling), the scenes with the great character actor Howard De Silva as Louie B. Mayer, (or "L.B."), are pretty good and apparently pretty accurate.
Posted by: Jake at December 24, 2007 05:58 AM
Sorry for the spelling errors.
For the record it's:
1) William Randolph Hearst
2) Howard Da Silva
Posted by: Jake at December 24, 2007 06:20 AM
Mayer lived in Saint John, New Brunswick - about a 5 hour drive from Halifax and fairly close to northern Maine (Calais).
Sadly, but as is often the case in Atlantic Canada, a once-thriving Jewish community has been greatly reduced by age and out-migration.
Posted by: Mark at December 24, 2007 06:53 AM
Great post Robert...loving these posts about old Hollywood (almost as good as Robert loves Karen)
Posted by: cruisin-mom at December 24, 2007 09:38 AM
Robert, readers who are interested in the history of the old Hollywood studio system will want to check out The Star Machine, an excellent book by Jeanine Basinger, a Professor of Film Studies and the Founder and Curator of the Cinema Archives at Wesleyan University.
Posted by: Tamara at December 24, 2007 10:22 AM
Jake:
Yup, Rosebud was a private designation and poor Marion Davies, a lovely woman, was horribly humiliated. In truth, her place in film history has been irrevocably brutalized by Citizen Kane's portrayal of the talentless Susan Alexander, Kane's crude mistress. Marion Davies was a loyal friend, a wonderful, warm person, and a very fine actress. Her best film is Show People, 1928 directed by King Vidor. It's an affectionate and highly accurate behind the scenes Hollywood movie. Highly recommended. Davies is just adorable, a real trooper.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 24, 2007 11:02 AM
Cruisin' Mom:
Gee, we were worried you missed our political and military analysis.
What a shock.
Please send babke to Casa Avrech. Salivating.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 24, 2007 11:10 AM
Mark:
Even in L.B. Mayer's time the Jewish community in Saint John, New Brunswick suffered the inroads of assimilation and immigration to other Canadian Jewish communities and, naturally to America. L.B. never felt warmly to the Saint John's Jewish community. He was devoted to his mother and wanted to move her grave to Los Angeles. The Chevra Kadisha in Saint John denied his request and Mayer never gave the community a penny or a kind word.
You would think the Jews of Saint John would have the brains not to make an enemy of L.B Mayer.
You would think.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 24, 2007 11:28 AM
Tamara:
In my post about Mary Pickford
http://www.seraphicpress.com/archives/2007/12/mary_pickford_1.php
I referenced Basinger's fine book Silent Stars which has an excellent chapter about Pickford.
I have not yet read Star Machine. It's next on my list. Thanks so much for reminding me.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 24, 2007 11:37 AM
I did not know that about the Chevra Kaddisha in Saint John - boy, talk about cutting off your nose to spite your face!!
Posted by: mark at December 24, 2007 04:40 PM
When I think of all these Hollywood studio moguls and the Russian or Polish or Lithuanian shtetls and cities they left behind, I can't help but think of the Yiddish theater. Imagine if these Hollywood biggies would've applied the same know-how to the Yiddish theater culture, starting in Europe and carrying it over the ocean to America, perhaps Yiddish theater of yesteryear might've thrived longer...
In any case, I'm always a little "wowed" with what these Old World immigrants made of themselves and of the entertainment industry.
Posted by: Pearl at December 24, 2007 07:50 PM
Pearl:
The Hollywood moguls were not interested in Yiddish theater. They saw the potential of mass entertainment in movies. Yiddish theater was simply too provincial and quite obviously doomed, not to mention a really bad business risk.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 24, 2007 11:46 PM
Mayer (or at least MGM) was not above making Jews look bad to defeat Upton Sinclair's gubinatorial (?) bid in the 1930s (his platform included a Hollywood tax). One MGM clip featured an interview with a bearded immigrant Jew; when asked why he is voting for Sinclair, he responded "It works in Russia, why not here?"
Mayer also did not think much of Hitler's rise to power (though he was no different than many American Jews in this regard).
A book I like is "Entertaining America: Jews, Movies and Broadcasting" (essays by academics for amcha)
Posted by: Lion of Zion at December 25, 2007 10:51 PM
garson got $1000 a week? eh.
cantor yossele rosenblatt got 10k in 1927 to record a couple of songs for "the jazz singer." (he turned down $100k to appear in the movie.)
see the end of http://agmk.blogspot.com/2007/11/les-miserables-in-hebrew-or-from.html#links
Posted by: Lion of Zion at December 25, 2007 11:00 PM
Lion:
The clip you speak of does not feature an Orthodox Jew. This is absolutely wrong. They were Bolsheviks and anarchists. Remember, Upton Sinclair was a committed Communist.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 26, 2007 05:34 PM
i didn't meant to imply that the clip was of an orthodox jew per se. just of a generic immigrant (who of course were associted popularly with socialsim, unionism, communism, etc.)
Posted by: Lion of Zion at December 27, 2007 09:00 PM
Lion:
There were lots of these clips, many showed clean cut Americans. The entire back door newsreel division that MGM was running against Sinclair is kind of fascinating. Thanks for the clarification.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at December 28, 2007 01:43 AM
Dear Mr. Avrech:.......
I just found your blog and it is great. I am fascinated by early Hollywood, the moguls, the studios. I recently saw an interview with Rock Hudson, who said how great "the studio system" was: they would take care of the stars, provide PR, basically take care of everything. This contradicts the prevalent view of studio exploitation and strictures of stars........
While looking up Gary Cooper on IMDB, it states he was discouraged from campaigning for a Republican candidate for president because the studio didn't want actors to publicly express political opinions; in my view, a wise thing. Why alienate fans?........
I recently heard a quote from LB Mayer(?) on the radio, warning about how easy it would be for America's enemies to use our own movies against us in a time of war (I paraphrase) and how careful we must be in this regard. I think the moguls were pretty brilliant, if not perfect, and we owe a great debt of gratitude to them as Americans. They were far more "American" than this bunch of lunatics running Hollywood today. Could it be that when Hollywood became anti-American, the rest of the world followed?.......
By any chance, do you know the quote above?.......
Thanks immensely,
Posted by: Conan O'Lenoman at February 24, 2008 12:03 AM
Conan:
Thanks so much for your kind words. I don't know the quote, but it's very true, Hollywood movies are powerful propaganda, and America cannot win any great war without Hollywood's support. That's just a simple fact.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at February 24, 2008 02:09 PM
Dear Mr. Avrech:
I will get the Mayer book you referenced above. Since 9/11 I have been dwelling on the role Hollywood and propaganda plays on our western culture and how the US is perceived around the world. How can the rest of the world like us if we don't like ourselves? If we tear ourselves down continually (i.e. anti-American movies & craven globe-trotting stars)? The world seemed to like us a lot better when we liked ourselves.
That is why even though I despise censorship, I believe Roosevelt was correct in trying to "control the message." The fate of our country was then and is at stake now. Each and every one of us has to choose a side, and Hollywood has chosen. May God forgive them.
After watching the Oscars tonight, I so miss "old Hollywood." Sometimes I feel like I am watching a pale, hollow (but glitzy/special effecty) immitation. Like the grown-ups are gone and the kids have taken over.
Thanks for your thoughts and I will be catching up reading your wonderful blog.
Sincerely,
Posted by: Conan O'Lenoman at February 24, 2008 10:17 PM
Conan:
Woodrow Wilson did far worse than Roosevelt during World War I, and he's held up as a saint to today's liberals.
The Oscars tonight.
Sigh.
They trot out a few soldiers after spending millions of dollars libeling them in one movie after another, and then give an Oscar to a despicable film that once again defames them and this country.
I feel like crying.
Thanks so much for your kind words.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at February 24, 2008 10:24 PM
Dear Mr. Avrech:
I just got the book "Lion of Hollywood" today and I plan to curl up and read tonight. Growing up in the 60's with TV, I became enthralled with old (B&W) movies from the 30's, 40's and 50's, and read a few film anthologies which only scratched the surface. That is why I so enjoy your movie star bios, the "hidden" Hollywood.
I want to know more about how the dry, dusty farming City of Angels became the world capital of entertainment and fantasy, the visionaries who created Hollywood, the stars, the studios. I guess there must be thousands of volumes written on every aspect of this subject and I thank you for helping direct me to good reading.
Crazy script idea: A George Clooney-like uber-liberal Hollywood star is kidnapped by a jihadist terror group while traveling. Video of star is leaked to net, bound and blindfolded, and crying like a little girl, a Middle Eastern voice demands $100 million for his release. His estate is pretty broke because of his extravagance and no one in Hollywood wants to help--because they all think he is an a--hole. Haven't decided on ending yet.
Am I the only one who thinks this way? I think I've watched a few too many movies!
Sincerely,
-Conan
Posted by: Conan O'Lenoman at March 13, 2008 07:38 PM
Conan:
Two reasons why LA became the home of motion pictures:
1. Sunshine 360 days of the year.
2. The Patent Wars. This gets complicated. But LA is far from NY and the independents wanted distance from the big boys who were trying to protect their patent and monopoly on the motion picture camera. Many fled to Mexico. That's why you will often see pics of directors wearing pistols on their belts in the early days, to scare off the muscle.
Script idea. Hey, pitch it to George, see how he responds.
Posted by: Robert J. Avrech
at March 14, 2008 10:27 AM
